overview
CVE-2025-25775 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability identified in Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System v1.0. The vulnerability is present in the /BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder endpoint and is exploitable via the kodetiket parameter. This flaw has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8, indicating its severe impact and ease of exploitation.
Attackers can exploit this issue remotely, without authentication, to inject arbitrary SQL commands. Successful exploitation could allow attackers to read, modify, or delete data in the application's database, execute administrative operations on the backend, and potentially compromise the entire server hosting the application.
AFFECTED PRODUCTS AND VERSIONS
- Impacted Software: Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System
- Vulnerable Version:0
- Vulnerable Endpoint: /BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder via the kodetiket parameter
- Patched/Mitigated Versions: There is currently no official information or vendor advisory confirming patched or mitigated versions as of April 30, 2025. Users are encouraged to monitor the official repository or vendor site for updates.
CURRENT THREAT STATUS
- Exploitation in the Wild: There are no confirmed reports of exploitation in the wild at this time. However, due to the public disclosure, remote exploitability, and critical severity, the risk of exploitation is considered high.
- Attack Techniques: The vulnerability enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft malicious requests containing SQL payloads within the kodetiket Standard SQL injection tools could automate attacks, potentially leading to database compromise or further pivoting within the environment.
- Targeted Industries/Sectors: There is currently no indication that specific industries or sectors are being targeted. The vulnerability affects any organization deploying the vulnerable version of the Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System.
INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE (IOCS)
At this time, there are no known IoCs associated with successful exploitation of CVE-2025-25775 affecting the Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System. The vulnerability was disclosed on April 25, 2025, and while technical details about the SQL injection vulnerability are available, no specific indicators of compromise related to active exploitation have been published.
VULNERABILITY DETAILS
The vulnerability exists in Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System v1.0 where SQL injection is possible via the "kodetiket" parameter in the "/BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder" path. This critical vulnerability has received a CVSS rating of 9.8, indicating its severity and potential impact on affected systems.
A proof of concept for this vulnerability has been published on GitHub by researcher Arun Modi at: https://github.com/arunmodi/Vulnerability-Research/tree/main/CVE-2025-25775.
ONGOING MONITORING
Security researchers are actively investigating this vulnerability, but no specific exploitation campaigns or associated indicators have been documented in the public domain at this time. Given the high CVSS score and the published proof of concept, organizations using this software should apply patches immediately if available or implement mitigating controls.
WHERE TO CHECK FOR UPDATES
For the latest information regarding this vulnerability and potential IoCs, please monitor: - The National Vulnerability Database (NVD): https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25775 - CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog - Security advisories from Codeastro
Avertium's Threat Detection & Response (TDR) service continues to monitor for exploitation activity related to this vulnerability. Our proactive approach integrates all aspects of security operations to provide comprehensive threat detection capabilities for vulnerabilities like this SQL injection flaw.
MITRE ATT&CK ttPS
Based on the vulnerability description, the following MITRE ATT&CK Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) are commonly associated with this SQL injection vulnerability:
Initial Access
T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application: The attacker exploits the SQL injection vulnerability in the public-facing Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System through the kodetiket parameter in the /BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder endpoint. This provides the initial access vector into the application.
Execution
T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: After successfully exploiting the SQL injection vulnerability, attackers can potentially execute SQL commands on the backend database server, allowing them to manipulate database content or execute stored procedures.
Defense Evasion
T1027 - Obfuscated Files or Information: Attackers may use obfuscated SQL queries to bypass input validation and filtering mechanisms that might be in place to detect SQL injection attempts.
Credential Access
T1552 - Unsecured Credentials: Using SQL injection, attackers can potentially extract user credentials stored in the database, including usernames and password hashes that could be cracked offline.
Discovery
T1082 - System Information Discovery: Through SQL injection, attackers can use database functions to gather information about the underlying system, such as database version, user privileges, and server configuration.
T1046 - Network Service Scanning: After gaining access through SQL injection, attackers might enumerate databases, tables, and columns to discover valuable information within the application's data structure.
Collection
T1005 - Data from Local System: Attackers can use SQL injection to collect sensitive data stored in the database, including user account information, payment details, and booking records stored by the bus ticket booking system.
Exfiltration
T1030 - Data Transfer Size Limits: Attackers might extract data in smaller chunks using SQL injection queries to avoid detection systems that monitor for large data transfers.
Impact
T1565 - Data Manipulation: The SQL injection vulnerability allows attackers to modify data within the database, potentially affecting the integrity of booking records, user accounts, and other critical system information.
T1499 - Endpoint Denial of Service: In some cases, attackers might use the SQL injection vulnerability to execute resource-intensive queries that could lead to database performance degradation or denial of service.
Persistence
T1505.003 - Server Software Component: Web Shell: If the SQL injection vulnerability allows for command execution or file writing capabilities, attackers might attempt to deploy web shells for persistent access to the system.
The high CVSS rating of 9.8 indicates this is a critical vulnerability that requires immediate attention, while the EPSS score of 0.67 suggests there's a significant probability this vulnerability will be exploited in the wild.
additional Recommendations + information
IMMEDIATE MITIGATION MEASURES
Web Application Firewall Implementation: - Deploy a WAF to filter malicious SQL injection attempts targeting the kodetiket parameter in the /BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder path. - Configure rules to specifically block SQL syntax in the kodetiket parameter. - Implement input validation rules that restrict the kodetiket parameter to expected character patterns and lengths.
Parameter Sanitization: - Modify the application code handling this parameter to implement proper parameterized queries as a temporary fix until an official patch is available. - Restrict the kodetiket parameter to alphanumeric characters only if possible. - Apply allow-list validation to ensure only expected values can be processed.
Access Restriction: - Temporarily disable public access to the /BusTicket-CI/tiket/cekorder functionality if possible without disrupting critical business operations. - Implement IP-based access control to limit access to trusted networks only. - Apply the principle of least privilege for database accounts used by the application, removing unnecessary database permissions.
PATCH AND SYSTEM MONITORING
Patch Management: - Check the Codeastro official repository for security updates addressing this vulnerability. - If a patch is available, test it thoroughly in a staging environment before deploying to production. - Implement the patch during a scheduled maintenance window to minimize service disruption.
Monitoring Strategy: - Implement database activity monitoring to detect unusual query patterns that might indicate SQL injection attempts. - Enable comprehensive logging for the affected application, focusing on all requests to the vulnerable endpoint. - Set up alerts for suspicious database activities, such as attempts to access system tables or execute administrative commands. - Monitor application logs for unusual traffic patterns or error messages related to SQL syntax.
NETWORK SECURITY ENHANCEMENTS
Network Segmentation: - Isolate the vulnerable application in a separate network segment with restricted communication paths. - Implement a reverse proxy to add an additional layer of filtering for requests to the vulnerable application. - Use database firewalls to restrict database access to only necessary communications from authorized application servers.
Traffic Analysis: - Deploy network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) configured to identify SQL injection attack patterns. - Implement real-time traffic analysis to identify patterns associated with SQL injection attacks. - Consider using a specialized database firewall that can detect abnormal SQL queries.
Additional Protection: - Consider implementing a virtual patching solution through WAF rules until an official patch is available. - Deploy honey tokens in your database to alert security teams if they are accessed, potentially indicating a successful SQL injection. - Implement rate limiting on the affected endpoint to reduce the effectiveness of automated SQL injection attacks.
APPLICATION HARDENING
- Review your codebase for similar SQL injection vulnerabilities in other parameters.
- Implement parameterized queries throughout the application as a best practice.
- Use stored procedures with proper parameter binding for database interactions.
- Consider implementing an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework that inherently protects against SQL injection.
LONG-TERM SECURITY IMPROVEMENTS
- Conduct a full security assessment of the application to identify other potential vulnerabilities.
- Implement a secure software development lifecycle (SSDLC) to prevent similar issues in the future.
- Provide security awareness training to development teams focused on secure coding practices, especially SQL injection prevention.
- Consider implementing a Web Application Firewall with machine learning capabilities to detect and block novel SQL injection attempts.
INCIDENT RESPONSE PREPARATION
- Develop an incident response plan specifically for database compromise scenarios.
- Create database backup schedules and verify the integrity of these backups.
- Document the steps for database recovery in case of a successful attack.
ADDITIONAL SERVICE OFFERINGS
Avertium offers a range of services to help organizations address and defend against vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-39551:
Attack Surface Management (ASM)
Avertium's ASM service is ideal for identifying and mitigating SQL injection vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-25775 within an organization's web applications:
- Conducts thorough vulnerability assessments to identify instances of the Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System and similar web applications that might be susceptible to SQL injection
- Performs testing and assessments to prevent blind spots in web application security, ensuring vulnerable parameters like kodetiket are properly evaluated
- Provides acceleration and optimization services to expedite the remediation process for identified SQL injection vulnerabilities
- Helps prioritize patching efforts based on exploitation risk, with this vulnerability's high EPSS score of 0.67 indicating significant likelihood of exploitation
Threat Detection & Response (TDR)
Avertium's TDR service provides a robust solution for protecting against SQL injection vulnerabilities like CVE-2025-25775 by integrating all aspects of security operations into an XDR-informed system. This service:
- Monitors web application traffic to detect SQL injection attempts targeting the vulnerable kodetiket parameter
- Employs advanced analytics to identify suspicious database queries that could indicate exploitation attempts
- Provides real-time alerts and automated response capabilities to block malicious traffic before it reaches vulnerable systems
- Offers comprehensive incident response if exploitation occurs
The strategic cybersecurity program ensures full threat coverage against SQL injection attacks, which is crucial for vulnerabilities with high CVSS scores like this one.
Microsoft Security Solutions
For organizations using Microsoft environments alongside web applications like Codeastro Bus Ticket Booking System, Avertium's Microsoft Security Solutions provide enhanced protection against SQL injection threats:
- Implements Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps to monitor and protect web applications from SQL injection attacks
- Deploys customized threat detection rules specifically designed to identify SQL injection attempts targeting the vulnerable kodetiket parameter
- Creates data correlation workflows to generate actionable alerts when suspicious database activities are detected
- Provides a comprehensive security optimization roadmap that includes web application security best practices to prevent SQL injection
Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC)
Avertium's GRC services help organizations establish proper controls to prevent SQL injection vulnerabilities and ensure compliance with security best practices:
- Conducts compliance audits to verify that web applications follow secure coding practices that prevent SQL injection vulnerabilities
- Implements enterprise risk management frameworks that properly account for web application security risks
- Aligns security practices with industry regulations and standards that require protection against common vulnerabilities like SQL injection
- Develops and implements input validation policies that would have prevented the CVE-2025-25775 vulnerability
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION
